Arbustul de lavandă (Lavandula) face parte din familia plantelor Lamiaceae, gen care unește aproximativ 30 de specii. În condiții naturale, lavanda poate fi găsită în Africa de Nord și de Est, Arabia, sudul Europei, Australia și India.
În fiecare țară, se cultivă doar două tipuri de lavandă, și anume: lavandă medicinală, cu frunze înguste sau engleză și, de asemenea, lavandă franceză sau cu frunze late. Numele arbustului a fost derivat din cuvântul latin „lava”, care se traduce prin „spălare” deoarece în lumea antică grecii și romanii îl foloseau pentru spălare și spălare. Astăzi, lavanda se găsește nu numai în grădină, ci este cultivată și la scară industrială ca o cultură valoroasă de uleiuri esențiale.
Scurtă descriere a cultivării
Însămânțarea. Semințele sunt semănate pe răsaduri în februarie - martie, în sol deschis în octombrie, în timp ce răsadurile sunt plantate în sol deschis în ultimele zile ale lunii mai sau în primele zile ale lunii iunie. Lavanda începe să înflorească la mijlocul verii. Are nevoie de multă lumină solară puternică și de un sol permeabil la apă și aer, argilos sau nisipos, cu un pH de 6,5-7,5.
Lavanda trebuie udată în mod frecvent și abundent. În ceea ce privește îngrășămintele, primăvara în sol se introduce un îngrășământ mineral complex cu un conținut crescut de azot, iar în toamnă – îngrășământ de fosfor-potasiu. Lavanda se înmulțește prin metoda semințelor, precum și prin butași, stratificare și împărțirea bucșei. Dintre insecte dăunătoare fac parte: cicadele, gândaci curcubeți și afide, iar boala lavandei o constituie mucegaiul gri.
Cultivarea lavandei din semințe
Semințele de lavandă pot fi semănate direct în sol deschis înainte de iarnă, sau mai bine zis în octombrie. Dacă o cultivi prin intermediul răsadurilor, va trebui să le plantezi în grădină în ultimele zile ale lunii mai. Înainte să începi să semeni semințele, este nevoie să le pregătești: sămânța trebuie stratificată timp de două luni la o temperatură de aproximativ 5 grade, ceea ce crește semnificativ germinarea sa. Pentru a face acest lucru, semințele trebuie combinate cu nisip umezit și așezate pe un raft de frigider conceput pentru legume. Semănarea semințelor pentru răsaduri se efectuează în februarie - martie.

Recipientul destinat însămânțării lavandei trebuie umplut cu un substrat pre-pregătit, care să includă nisip grosier de râu și humus (în proporție de 1 la 2). Deoarece semințele unei astfel de plante sunt foarte mici, amestecul de sol pregătit ar trebui să fie cernut, ceea ce va ajuta la îndepărtarea tuturor bulgărilor.
Apoi, substratul trebuie dezinfectat cu o soluție roz saturată de permanganat de potasiu sau calcinat într-un cuptor la o temperatură de 110 până la 130 de grade. În partea de jos a cutiei, pe care există găuri pentru drenaj, se așează mai întâi un strat de drenaj, după care se umple cu un substrat pregătit.
Materialul semințelor stratificate se distribuie uniform pe suprafața amestecului de sol, după care se presară cu un strat de nisip de trei milimetri. Udă culturile cu apă caldă dintr-o sticlă de pulverizare și acoperă-le cu folie transparentă. Așează recipientul într-un loc cald și bine iluminat. Culturile de lavandă au nevoie de ventilație sistematică, iar pentru aceasta este necesar ca în fiecare zi să ridici folia pentru o perioadă scurtă de timp. Pentru ca semințele să încolțească, acestea trebuie să se bucure de o temperatură de 15 până la 22 de grade Celsius.
Îngrijirea răsadurilor
Imediat după apariția răsadurilor, plantele trebuie să fie expuse frecvent la lumină. Pentru a face acest lucru, este necesar să scoți folia în fiecare zi. Imediat după ce răsadurile se obișnuiesc cu noile condiții de creștere, folia poate fi îndepărtată complet. Ulterior, lavanda trebuie plantată într-un recipient mai mare, astfel încât distanța dintre tufișuri să fie de cel puțin 50 mm.

Plantarea răsadurilor în sol deschis se efectuează în ultimele zile ale lunii mai. Adesea acest arbust este semănat pentru înfrumusețarea dealurilor montane sau pentru a crea borduri naturale. Lavanda crește bine în zonele deschise și însorite. Deoarece planta reacționează extrem de negativ la excesul de umiditate, nu este recomandat să alegi o zonă cu un nivel ridicat de apă subterană sau zone umede pentru plantare.
Solul uscat nisipos este perfect pentru cultivarea acestuia, dar crește destul de bine și pe solul argilos drenat. PH-ul recomandat al terenului este de 6,5-7,5. La un sol cu aciditate mare, se va adăuga calcar fărâmițat.
La plantarea răsadurilor, între tufișuri se va menține o distanță de aproximativ 1,2 metri, iar găurile de plantare trebuie să fie suficient de adânci pentru a încorpora întreg sistemul radicular al arbustului. Înainte de a planta un răsad, rădăcinile sale trebuie tăiate puțin, iar după plantare, gulerul rădăcinii trebuie îngropat în pământ cu 40-60 mm.
Udarea lavandei
Răsadurile de lavandă au nevoie de udare abundentă pentru a se dezvolta bine, iar în zilele caniculare, frecvența udării trebuie crescută semnificativ. În acest sens poți folosi aspersoare care să distribuie apa în mod automat și uniform pe toată suprafața plantată.
Tunderea lavandei
Astfel de arbuști au nevoie de tundere sistematică, care se efectuează în fiecare an. Imediat după dispariția tufișului, inflorescențele care au început să se estompeze se vor tăia, iar în toamnă, ramurile vor fi scurtate pentru a da lavandei o formă îngrijită. Asigură-te că lavanda nu crește mult în sus, deoarece din cauza rafalelor puternice de vânt, tufișul se poate culca la pământ, drept urmare își va pierde efectul decorativ.
După ce vârsta plantei este de 10 ani sau mai mult, dacă este necesar, poți efectua o tăiere anti-îmbătrânire: pentru aceasta, taie toate ramurile, lăsând în același timp doar segmente de aproximativ 50 mm lungime. O astfel de tăiere poate fi făcută și pentru arbuștii tineri, dacă aceștia înfloresc foarte slab.
113 Comentarii
Interesant !\r\nMă gândesc să fac la țară o cultura mică...
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Doresc informații despre lavandă
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Explicații cât se poate de clare, pe ințelesul tuturor. Felicitări!
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Bună dimineața,as dori mai multe informații despre comercializare.Va multumesc.
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